Chronology
- 1557 Massawa part of Ottoman Empire as a sanjak of
- province (eyalet) of Habesh.
- Late 16th cent. Only a small garrison left in Massawa, Hirgigo
- (Arkiko) is ceded to the Balaw chiefs who later
- became na'ibs under Ottoman suzerainty.
- 1701 Sanjaks of Sawakin and Massawa are merged with the
- Hejaz province.
- Dec 1813 - 1826 Occupied by Egypt (both nominally part of Ottoman
- Empire).
- 1826 Direct Ottoman rule restored (1826-1848 Na'ibs of
- Arkiko largely independent), Red Sea province.
- 1846 - 1849 Massawa under Egyptian rule.
- 1865 - Dec 1882 Egyptian rule (nominally part of Ottoman Empire),
- as Red Sea province (or Missiwa); Sennaheit
- annexed in 1873, later part of Red Sea province.
- 15 Nov 1869 Port of Assab purchased by the Italian Società di
- Navigazione Rubattino, a further stretch of
- land is acquired on 11 Mar 1870.
- Mar 1870 Egyptian government denies the Italian acquisitions
- and claims possession.
- 1879 - 1890 Asmara under Ethiopian rule (named Mereb Milash).
- 5 Jul 1882 Port of Assab is taken over by the Italian
- government.
- 25 Jan 1885 Italian occupation of Beilul and Gubbi.
- 6 Feb 1885 Port of Massawa is taken over by Italy (annexed
- 2 Dec 1885); expansion into hinterland follows.
- 9 Dec 1888 Italian Assab Protectorate (Assab, Massawa and
- the Danakil hinterland).
- 2 May 1889 Italy and Ethiopia agree on boundaries between
Italian colonies in East Africa and Ethiopia.
- 1 Jan 1890 Italian colony (Eritrea)
- 1 Jun 1936 Part of Italian East Africa (province of Eritrea,
- formed by the merger of the colony and the
- Ethiopian region of Tigre)(see Ethiopia).
- 22 Jan 1941 British occupation invasion beings (Keru falls
- 22 Jan 1941, Keren 27 Mar 1941, Asmara 1 Apr 1941
- Massawa 8 Apr 1941, and Assab on 11 Jun 1941).
- 19 May 1941 Italian administration surrenders.
- 19 May 1941 - 15 Sep 1952 British administration.
- 19 Feb 1951 United Nations supervision, under British rule.
- 15 Sep 1952 Federated with Ethiopia under the sovereignty of
- the Ethiopian crown (Eritrean Autonomous State).
- 1 Sep 1961 – 29 May 1991 Eritrean war of independence.
- 14 Nov 1962 Declared an integral part of Ethiopia; autonomy
- revoked (Eritrea province).
- 11 Feb 1990 Massawa liberated by EPLF.
- 24 May 1991 Asmara (and Assab 25 May 1991) liberated by EPLF.
- 29 May 1991 Provisional government established (de facto
- independence).
- 25 Apr 1993 Eritrean referendum 99.8% vote for independence.
- 24 May 1993 Independence (State of Eritrea).
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Walis (governors) of Massawa
bf.1687 - .... Musa, Na'ib of Arkiko
16.. - 1694 Mehmed Pasha
16.. - c.1694 Abaza Mustafa Pasha
16.. - c.1695 Misirli Mehmed Pasha
c.1695 - .... Gümrükçü Siyavus Pasha
.... - .... Süleyman Pasha?
.... - c.1793 ....
c.1793 Ahmad Hasan, Na'ib of Arkiko
1805 - 1826 Idris bin Utman, Na'ib of Arkiko
Na'ibs of Arkiko
1690 - 1720 Amir bin Ali
1720 - 1737 Hasan Amir
1737 - 1741 Muhammad Amir
1741 - 1781 Uthman Amir
1781 - 1801 Ahmad Hasan
1801 - 1831 Idris bin Uthman
1832 - 1833 Turkci Bilmaz (in rebellion)
1833 - 1844 Yahya Ahmad (d. 1844)
1844 - 1847 Hasan Idris
1847 - 1849 Muhammad Yahya
1849 - 1851 Idris Hasan (b. 1825 - d. 1905)
Walis of Massawa
Dec 1845 - 1847? Rustam Agha
Mar 1847 - 1848? Ismail Haqqi Pasha
1848 - 18.. Omar Agha
1854 - 1861? Ibrahim Pasha
1861 - 1863 Muhammad Rasikh Bey (b. c.1834 - d. 1883)
1863 - 1865 ....
Feb 1865 - Oct 1865 Abdallah Halil Efendi
1866 - 1867 Hasan Bey Rifat
1867 Abdalkadir
1867 - 1871 Ahmad Mumtaz Pasha (at Sawakin) (b. 1825 - d. 1874)
(governor of Red Sea 1870-71)
18.. - 1871 Hajj Aman (at Massawa)
1871 'Ala al-Din Pasha Siddiq (1st time)(d. 1883)
1871 - 1873 Johann Albert Werner (b. 1832 - d. 1875)
Munzinger Pasha
(governor-general of Red Sea Coast 1873-Nov 1854)
1873 - Nov 1875 Arakel Bey Abroyan (b. 1832 - d. 1875)
1875 - 1877 Mohammed Ratib Pasha
1877 Uthman Rifiq Pasha (b. 1839 - d. 1886)
1877 - 1882 'Ala al-Din Pasha Siddiq (2nd time)(s.a.)
1882 - Dec 1882 Khurshid Bey Pertev
1883 - 1884 Muhammad Muhtar Pasha (b. 1835 - d. 1897)
1884 Alexander Macomb Mason Bey (b. 1841 - d. 1897)
1884 William Nathan Wrighte Hewett (b. 1834 - d. 1888)
1884 - 1885 Izzet Bey
1884 - 1885 Marcopoli Bey (acting for Izzet Bey)
Walis of Sennaheit
1877 - 1879 Franz Hassen Bey
1879 - 18.. Charles Rigolet (b. c.1853 - d. ....)
Ethiopian Governors of Mereb Milash
1875 - 1879 Woldemikael (d. c.1879)
1879 - 1890 Ras Alula (b. 1827 - d. 1897)
Italian Civil Commissioners of Assab
15 Nov 1869 - 9 Jan 1881 Giuseppe Sapeto (commercial agent) (b. 1811 - d. 1895)
9 Jan 1881 - 1885 Giovanni Branchi (b. 1846 - d. 1936)
Commandants of Assab
Dec 1879 - Jul 1880 Carlo De Amezaga (b. 1835 - d. 1899)
5 Jul 1880 - 1884 Giovanni Galeazzo Frigerio (b. 1841 - d. 1921)
1884 - 1890 Giulio Pestalozza (b. 1850 - d. 1930)
Commandants of Massawa
5 Feb 1885 - 26 Feb 1885 Pietro Caimi (b. 1830 - d. 1886)
26 Feb 1885 - 13 Nov 1885 Tancredi Saletta (1st time) (b. 1843 - d. 1909)
13 Nov 1885 - 23 Apr 1887 Carlo Gené (superior commandant) (b. 1836 - d. 1890)
23 Apr 1887 - 9 Nov 1887 Tancredi Saletta (2nd time) (s.a.)
9 Nov 1887 - 2 May 1888 Alessandro Asinari di San Marzano (b. 1830 - d. 1906)
3 May 1888 - 24 Dec 1889 Antonio Baldissera (b. 1838 - d. 1917)
24 Dec 1889 - 4 Jun 1890 Baldassare Orero (b. 1832 - d. 1914)
Governors
4 Jun 1890 - 28 Feb 1892 Antonio Gandolfi (b. 1835 - d. 1902)
28 Feb 1892 - 3 Mar 1896 Oreste Baratieri (b. 1841 - d. 1901)
4 Mar 1896 - 21 Mar 1897 Antonio Baldissera (s.a.)
21 Mar 1897 - 16 Dec 1897 Giuseppe Ettore Viganò (acting) (b. 1842 - d. 1933)
16 Dec 1897 - 25 Mar 1907 Ferdinando Martini (commissioner) (b. 1841 - d. 1928)
25 Mar 1907 - 16 Aug 1915 Giuseppe Salvago Raggi (b. 1866 - d. 1946)
17 Aug 1915 - 15 Sep 1916 Giovanni Cerrina Feroni (b. 1866 - d. 1952)
(1st time)(acting)
16 Sep 1916 - 1 Jul 1919 Giacomo De Martino (b. 1849 - d. 1921)
2 Jul 1919 - 19 Nov 1920 Camillo De Camillis (acting)
20 Nov 1920 - 13 Apr 1921 Ludovico Pollera Orsucci (acting) (b. 1870 - d. 1953)
14 Apr 1921 - 1 Jun 1923 Giovanni Cerrina Feroni (s.a.)
(2nd time)
1 Jun 1923 - 1 Jun 1928 Jacopo Gasparini (b. 1879 - d. 1941)
1 Jun 1928 - 16 Jul 1930 Corrado Zoli (b. 1877 - d. 1951)
16 Jul 1930 - 15 Jan 1935 Riccardo Astuto dei Duchi di (b. 1882 - d. 1952)
Lucchesi
15 Jan 1935 - 18 Jan 1935 Ottone Gabelli (acting) (b. 1880 - d. 1939)
18 Jan 1935 - 27 Nov 1935 Emilio Giuseppe Gaspar (b. 1866 - d. 1944)
Giovanni De Bono
28 Nov 1935 - 31 May 1936 Pietro Badoglio (b. 1871 - d. 1956)
1 Jun 1936 - 1 Apr 1937 Alfredo Guzzoni (b. 1877 - d. 1965)
1 Apr 1937 - 15 Dec 1937 Vincenzo De Feo (b. 1876 - d. 1955)
15 Dec 1937 - 2 Jun 1940 Giuseppe Daodice di Daodicca (b. 1882 - d. 1952)
2 Jun 1940 - 19 May 1941 Luigi Frusci (acting) (b. 1879 - d. 1949)
British Military Administrators
5 Feb 1941 - 4 May 1942 Sir William Platt (b. 1885 - d. 1975) Mil
4 May 1942 - 9 Nov 1944 Stephen Hemsley Longrigg (b. 1893 - d. 1979) Mil
9 Nov 1944 - 14 Aug 1945 Charles D'Arcy McCarthy (b. 1899 - d. 1977) Mil
14 Aug 1945 - 1 Nov 1946 John Meredith Benoy (b. 1896 - d. 1977) Mil
1 Nov 1946 - 19 Feb 1951 Francis Greville Drew (b. 1892 - d. 1962) Mil
UN High Commissioner
19 Feb 1951 - 15 Sep 1952 Eduardo Anze Matienzo (Bolivia) (b. 1902 - d. 1979) Non-party
Chief Administrator
19 Feb 1951 - 15 Sep 1952 Duncan Cameron Cumming (U.K.) (b. 1903 - d. 1979) Mil
Emperor's Representatives
15 Sep 1952 - Dec 1959 Bitwoded Andargachew Messai (b. 1902 - d. 1981) Non-party
Dec 1959 - 14 Nov 1962 Abiye Abebe (b. 1918 - d. 1974) Mil
Chief Executives
15 Sep 1952 - 29 Jul 1955 Tedla Bairu (b. 1914 - d. 1984) MFH
1955 Araya Wassie (acting) MFH
8 Aug 1955 - 14 Nov 1962 Asfaha Woldemikael (b. 1914 - d. 2000) Non-party
(from 20 May 1960, chief administrator)
Governors-general
14 Nov 1962 - 1964 Abiye Abebe (s.a.) Mil
1964 - Dec 1970 Ras Asrate Medhin Kassa (b. 1922 - d. 1974) Mil
Dec 1970 - Aug 1974 Debebe Haile Mariam (d. 1974) Mil
Aug 1974 - 1975 Ato Amanuel Amde-Michael Non-party?
17 Feb 1975 – Jun 1977 Getachew Nadew (d. 1977) Mil
1977 - 1979 ....
1979 - 1983 Dawit Wolde-Giorgis (b. 1940) COPWE
198. - 18 May 1989 Afework Woldemikael (d. 1989) Mil
Aug 1989 - 29 May 1991 Tesfaye Gebre Kidan (b. c.1935 - d. 2004)Mil
Secretary-general of the Provisional Government
29 May 1991 - 24 May 1993 Isaias Afewerki (b. 1946) EPLF
President
24 May 1993 - Isaias Afewerki (s.a.) EPLF;1994 PFDJ
British Deputy Chief Political Officer for Eritrea
1941 - 1942 Brian Kennedy-Cooke (b. 1894 - d. 1963) Mil
Territorial Disputes: Eritrea and Ethiopia agreed to abide by 2002 Ethiopia-Eritrea Boundary Commission's (EEBC) delimitation decision, but neither party responded to the revised line detailed in the Nov 2006 EEBC Demarcation Statement; Sudan accuses Eritrea of supporting eastern Sudanese rebel groups; in 2008 Eritrean troops moved across the border on Ras Doumera peninsula and occupied Doumera Island with undefined sovereignty in the Red Sea.
Party abbreviation: PFDJ = Hizibawi Ginibari Nidemokirasini Fitihini (People's Front for Democracy and Justice, authoritarian, Eritrean nationalist, government party, former EPLF, est.Feb 1994);
- Former parties: COPWE= Ya'ityopya Sareto'adaroc Parti 'Adaraj Komisen (Commission for Organizing the Party of the Working People of Ethiopia, Marxist-Leninist communist, 12 Dec 1979 - 12 Sep 1984, becomes EWP); EPLF = Hizbawi Ginbar Harenet Ertra (Eritrean People's Liberation Front (Eritrean nationalist, armed separatist, Marxist-Leninist, 1970-1994, renamed EPFJ); EWP = Ye'itiyopiya Sheratenyochi Pariti (Worker's Party of Ethiopia, communist, 1984-1990 only legal party, on 10 Mar 1990 renounces Marxist-Leninism, 12 Sep 1984-21 May 1991); MFH = Mahber Fikri Hager (Association for Love of Country, "Unionist Party", conservative, pro-union with Ethiopia, 5 May 1941-1962)
source https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Eritrea.html
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